During ShadowRay, threat actors used cat /etc/shadow to steal password hashes.2
campaign
ShadowRay C0045
- First seen
- September 2023
- Last seen
- March 2024
- Created
- 2 December 2024
- Last modified
- 31 July 2026
ShadowRay was a campaign that began in late 2023 targeting the education, cryptocurrency, biopharma, and other sectors through a vulnerability (CVE-2023-48022) in the Ray AI framework named ShadowRay. According to security researchers ShadowRay was the first known instance of AI workloads being activley exploited in the wild through vulnerabilities in AI infrastructure. CVE-2023-48022, which allows access to compute resources and sensitive data for exposed instances, remains unpatched and has been disputed by the vendor as they maintain that Ray is not intended for use outside of a strictly controlled network environment.[1]
10
Techniques32nd pct
10
Tactics68th pct
0
Tools & malwareNone recorded
0
Threat groupsNone recorded
Enterprise ATT&CK only. Any Mobile or ICS rows on the same ATT&CK page are not carried.
MITRE reference C0045
During ShadowRay, threat actors invoked DNS queries from targeted machines to identify their IP addresses.3
During ShadowRay, threat actors used Base64-encrypted Python code to evade detection.4
During ShadowRay, threat actors used the Python pty module to open reverse shells.5
During ShadowRay, threat actors downloaded a privilege escalation payload to gain root access.6
During ShadowRay, threat actors downloaded and executed the XMRig miner on targeted hosts.7
Standing C0045
Reach is how much of ATT&CK this campaign touches. Coverage is how well defended each thing it does is, as a median per technique rather than a total — a total would just restate the reach. Each figure is ranked against all 56 ATT&CK campaigns only where that population actually spreads. Where most of the population shares one value, a percentile would rank the tie instead of the entity, so the raw value is shown and no rank is claimed.
Reach
Techniques1032nd pct
32nd percentile · 68% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have more Enterprise techniques.
Tactics1068th pct
68th percentile · 68% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have this many tactics spanned or fewer.
Tools & malware0Bottom 11%
11th percentile · 89% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have more tools and malware.
Threat groups055% tie · 3 values
55% of the population shares a single value across only 3 distinct values, so a percentile here would rank the tie, not the entity.
Coverage
Rules / technique13.5med54th pct
54th percentile · 54% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have this many detection rules per technique or fewer.
Tests / technique3.5med
Detection coverage C0045
524 distinct rules cover the 10 techniques recorded for this campaign. The 539 technique-to-rule mappings resolve to 524 distinct rules, because one rule can cover several techniques. 304 Sigma · 220 Splunk.
9 covered by at least one rule1 with no coverage524 distinct rules in total
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