ShadowRay was a campaign that began in late 2023 targeting the education, cryptocurrency, biopharma, and other sectors through a vulnerability (CVE-2023-48022) in the Ray AI framework named ShadowRay. According to security researchers ShadowRay was the first known instance of AI workloads being activley exploited in the wild through vulnerabilities in AI infrastructure. CVE-2023-48022, which allows access to compute resources and sensitive data for exposed instances, remains unpatched and has been disputed by the vendor as they maintain that Ray is not intended for use outside of a strictly controlled network environment.[1]
10
Techniques32nd pct
10
Tactics68th pct
0
Tools & malwareNone recorded
0
Threat groupsNone recorded
Enterprise ATT&CK only. Any Mobile or ICS rows on the same ATT&CK page are not carried.
During ShadowRay, threat actors downloaded and executed the XMRig miner on targeted hosts.7
Command and Control131 detection rules
Standing C0045
Reach is how much of ATT&CK this campaign touches. Coverage is how well defended each thing it does is, as a median per technique rather than a total — a total would just restate the reach. Each figure is ranked against all 56 ATT&CK campaigns only where that population actually spreads. Where most of the population shares one value, a percentile would rank the tie instead of the entity, so the raw value is shown and no rank is claimed.
Reach
Techniques1032nd pct
32nd percentile · 68% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have more Enterprise techniques.
Tactics1068th pct
68th percentile · 68% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have this many tactics spanned or fewer.
Tools & malware0Bottom 11%
11th percentile · 89% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have more tools and malware.
Threat groups055% tie · 3 values
55% of the population shares a single value across only 3 distinct values, so a percentile here would rank the tie, not the entity.
Coverage
Rules / technique13.5med55th pct
55th percentile · 55% of 56 ATT&CK campaigns have this many detection rules per technique or fewer.
Tests / technique4med
ShadowRay detections C0045
526 distinct rules cover the 10 techniques recorded for this campaign. 304 Sigma · 222 Splunk.
9 covered by at least one rule1 with no coverage526 distinct rules in total
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Splunk
The following analytic identifies access to the /api/v1/configuration/users/user-roles/user-role/rest-userrole1/web/web-bookmarks/bookmark endpoint, which is associated with CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887 vulnerabilities. (...)
The following analytic detects potential exploitation of the Adobe ColdFusion vulnerability, CVE-2023-26360, which allows unauthenticated arbitrary file read. (...)
Detects when AppLocker "Audit only" enforcement mode reports that an Application, DLL, Script, MSI, or Packaged-App would have been blocked if AppLocker "Enforce rules" enforcement mode was enabled.
Detects the Linux-specific execution chain of the plain-crypto-js malicious npm dependency by Axios NPM package, including payload download via curl and detached execution using nohup and python3. (...)
Detects the macOS-specific execution chain of the plain-crypto-js malicious npm dependency in Axios NPM Package, including AppleScript execution via osascript, payload download, permission modification, execution, and cleanup.
This analytic detects unexpected outbound network connections initiated by known webserver processes such as `httpd.exe`, `nginx.exe`, or `tomcat.exe` to common file sharing or public content hosting services like GitHub, Discord CDN, Transfer.sh, or Pastebin. (...)
The following analytic detects potential reverse shell activity by identifying connections involving ports commonly associated with remote access tools, shell listeners, or tunneling utilities. (...)
The following analytic detects connections with a high Encrypted Visibility Engine (EVE) threat confidence score, indicating potentially malicious behavior within encrypted traffic. (...)
This correlation rule identifies potential exploitation attempts of Oracle E-Business Suite vulnerabilities (CVE-2025-61882 and CVE-2025-61884) by correlating multiple intrusion signatures from Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense logs. (...)
This analytic detects vulnerability exploitation and post-compromise activity associated with Oracle E-Business Suite web-application vulnerabilities, CVE-2025-61882 and CVE-2025-61884. (...)